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\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u30a4\u30e0\u30ec\u30fb\u30e9\u30ab\u30c8\u30b7\u30e5\u306e\u53cb\u4eba\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u30dd\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30e4\u30a2\u30fc\u30d9\u30f3\u30c8\u306f\u305d\u306e\u8457\u66f8\u300e\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u53cd\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\uff08Against Method\uff09\u300f\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u79d1\u5b66\u306f\u300c\u4f55\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\uff08anything goes\uff09\u300d\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3092\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3068\u304b\u53cd\u8a3c\u3068\u304b\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u57fa\u6e96\u3067\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u306b\u8a9e\u308b\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306b\u7591\u554f\u3092\u5448\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5c11\u3057\u524d\u306b\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u5bb6\u306e\u30c8\u30fc\u30de\u30b9\u30fb\u30af\u30fc\u30f3\u306f\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u306f\u9769\u547d\u7684\u306a\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u304c\u8d77\u3053\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3092\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u306b\u8a9e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u96e3\u3057\u3055\u304c\u9732\u5448\u3057\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5927\u304d\u306a\u7591\u554f\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u5b9f\u8a3c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u300c\u4e00\u822c\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\uff08General Philosophy of Science\uff09\u300d\u3088\u308a\u3082\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u3084\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u306a\u3069\u500b\u5225\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3059\u308b\u300c\u500b\u5225\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\uff08Philosophies of Particular Sciences\uff09\u300d\u304c\u4e3b\u6d41\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u73fe\u5728\u3082\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u306f\u3053\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u300c\u54f2\u5b66\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3067\u306f\u3053\u306e\u300c\u54f2\u5b66\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u4f55\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u3064\u3089\u3064\u3089\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u308b\u306b\u3001\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u305d\u308c\u306f\u300c\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff08logical analysis\uff09\u300d\u3068\u304b\u300c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\uff08rational reconstruction\uff09\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u3084\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u306b\u3082\u5f53\u3066\u306f\u307e\u308a\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u306f\u653f\u6cbb\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3057\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u3082\u7d4c\u6e08\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u3084\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u306f\u653f\u6cbb\u3084\u7d4c\u6e08\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306b\u5206\u6790\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5408\u7406\u7684\u306b\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u306f\u79d1\u5b66\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u300c\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u306e\u304b\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u304d\u660e\u304b\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u5b9f\u969b\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u3067\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u30a8\u30ea\u30aa\u30c3\u30c8\u30fb\u30bd\u30fc\u30d0\u30fc\u306f\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u8457\u66f8\u300e\u8a3c\u62e0\u3068\u9032\u5316\uff08Evidence and Evolution\uff09\u300f\u306e\u5e8f\u6587\u3067\u307e\u3055\u306b\u305d\u3046\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3061\u306a\u307f\u306b\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u8005\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u30eb\u30ba\u304c\u4eac\u90fd\u8cde\u53d7\u8cde\u3092\u8f9e\u9000\u3057\u305f\u306e\u306f\u5929\u7687\u7687\u540e\u4e21\u965b\u4e0b\u3068\u304a\u8a71\u3092\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7406\u7531\u304b\u3089\u3060\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u304c\u5f7c\u304c\u8003\u3048\u308b\u653f\u6cbb\u306e\u3042\u308b\u3079\u304d\u59ff\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u30ed\u30fc\u30eb\u30ba\u306e\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3084\u306f\u308a\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u653f\u6cbb\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u300c\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u306e\u304b\u3092\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u304d\u660e\u304b\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3053\u3053\u306b\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u304c\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u304b\u3089\u5acc\u308f\u308c\u308b\u7406\u7531\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u304b\u3089\u3057\u3066\u307f\u305f\u3089\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u304a\u3088\u3073\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u73fe\u5834\u3092\u77e5\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306b\u3082\u95a2\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u884c\u3046\u300c\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u300c\u4e0a\u304b\u3089\u76ee\u7dda\uff08condescending\uff09\u300d\u3067\u8a00\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3067\u3059\u3089\u79d1\u5b66\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u540c\u610f\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306b\u3001\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u8996\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u306f\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3084\u53cd\u8a3c\u306a\u3069\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u9593\u9055\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u306e\u4e3b\u5f79\u3067\u3042\u308b\u4f01\u696d\u306a\u3069\u304c\u7406\u8ad6\u7d4c\u6e08\u5b66\u3092\u3042\u307e\u308a\u91cd\u8996\u3057\u306a\u3044\u306e\u306b\u4f3c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u56e0\u307f\u306b\u53cd\u8a3c\u304c\u539f\u7406\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306f\u30ed\u30f3\u30c9\u30f3\u30fb\u30b9\u30af\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30aa\u30d6\u30fb\u30a8\u30b3\u30ce\u30df\u30af\u30b9\uff08LSE\uff09\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u8005\u30b3\u30ea\u30f3\u30fb\u30cf\u30a6\u30bd\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\uff081960\u5e74\u4ee3\u300170\u5e74\u4ee3\u3042\u305f\u308a\u306b\uff09\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002LSE\u306e\u54f2\u5b66\u90e8\u306f\u30ab\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30dd\u30d1\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8a2d\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30a4\u30e0\u30ec\u30fb\u30e9\u30ab\u30c8\u30b7\u30e5\u3082\u305d\u3053\u306b\u6240\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u30b3\u30ea\u30f3\u30fb\u30cf\u30a6\u30bd\u30f3\u306fLSE\u3067\u54f2\u5b66\u3092\u5b66\u3073\u3001LSE\u306e\u6559\u6388\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u30dd\u30d1\u30fc\u306e\u53cd\u8a3c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3092\u6279\u5224\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u306f\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u8005\u30c7\u30cb\u30b9\u30fb\u30ea\u30f3\u30c9\u30ea\u30fc\u3089\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u30d9\u30a4\u30ba\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u4e0a\u3052\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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guesses\uff09\u300d\u306a\u306e\u3060\u3002\u3060\u304b\u3089\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5408\u7406\u7684\u518d\u69cb\u7bc9\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u306f\u300c\u4eee\u8aac\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u904e\u7a0b\u300d\u306e\u307f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u975e\u5408\u7406\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3082\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3068\u5408\u7406\u7684\u306a\u3082\u306e\uff08\u306e\u307f\uff09\u3092\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u54f2\u5b66\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5bfe\u7acb\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u30ed\u30ca\u30eb\u30c9\u30fb\u30d5\u30a3\u30c3\u30b7\u30e3\u30fc\u3082\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u30d5\u30a3\u30c3\u30b7\u30e3\u30fc\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u5b66\u306e\u4e2d\u6838\u306b\u306f\u5c24\u5ea6\uff08\u3086\u3046\u3069\uff09<\/a>\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5c24\u5ea6\u3068\u306f\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u60f3\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u78ba\u7387\uff08\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\uff09\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u8457\u66f8\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u306f\u78ba\u7387\u3068\u66f8\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u306f\u5c24\u5ea6\u306f\u78ba\u7387\u306e\u516c\u7406\u3092\u6e80\u305f\u3055\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3002\u4eee\u8aac\u3092H\u3001\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092O\u3001\u78ba\u7387\u3092P\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u5c24\u5ea6\u306fP(O|H)\u3068\u66f8\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u56e0\u307f\u306b\u3053\u306eP( | 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